Blue hour after sunset
Blaue Stunde nach Sonnenuntergang
The London Eye, or the Millennium Wheel, is a cantilevered observation wheel on the South Bank of the River Thames in London. It is Europe's tallest cantilevered observation wheel, and the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom with over three million visitors annually. It has made many appearances in popular culture.
The structure is 135 metres (443 ft) tall and the wheel has a diameter of 120 metres (394 ft). When it opened to the public in 2000 it was the world's tallest Ferris wheel. Its height was surpassed by the 140 metres (459 ft) Sun of Moscow in 2022, the 160 metres (525 ft) Star of Nanchang in 2006, the 165 metres (541 ft) Singapore Flyer in 2008, the 167 metres (548 ft) High Roller (Las Vegas) in 2014, and the 250 metres (820 ft) Ain Dubai in 2021. Supported by an A-frame on one side only, unlike these taller examples, the Eye is described by its operators as "the world's tallest cantilevered observation wheel". The Eye offered the highest public viewing point in London until it was superseded by the 245-metre-high (804 ft) observation deck on the 72nd floor of The Shard in early 2013.
The London Eye adjoins the western end of Jubilee Gardens (previously the site of the former Dome of Discovery), on the South Bank of the River Thames between Westminster Bridge and Hungerford Bridge beside County Hall, in the London Borough of Lambeth. The nearest tube station is Waterloo.
History
Design and construction
The London Eye was designed by the husband-and-wife team of Julia Barfield and David Marks of Marks Barfield Architects.
Mace was responsible for construction management, with Hollandia as the main steelwork contractor and Tilbury Douglas as the civil contractor. Consulting engineers Tony Gee & Partners designed the foundation works while Beckett Rankine designed the marine works.
Nathaniel Lichfield and Partners assisted The Tussauds Group in obtaining planning and listed building consent to alter the wall on the South Bank of the Thames. They also examined and reported on the implications of a Section 106 agreement attached to the original contract, and also prepared planning and listed building consent applications for the permanent retention of the attraction, which involved the co-ordination of an Environmental Statement and the production of a planning supporting statement detailing the reasons for its retention.
The rim of the Eye is supported by tensioned steel cables and resembles a huge spoked bicycle wheel. The lighting was re-done with LED lighting from Color Kinetics in December 2006 to allow digital control of the lights as opposed to the manual replacement of gels over fluorescent tubes.
The wheel was constructed in sections which were floated up the Thames on barges and assembled lying flat on piled platforms in the river. Once the wheel was complete it was lifted into an upright position by a strand jack system made by Enerpac. It was first raised at 2 degrees per hour until it reached 65 degrees, then left in that position for a week while engineers prepared for the second phase of the lift. The project was European with major components coming from six countries: the steel was supplied from the UK and fabricated in The Netherlands by the Dutch company Hollandia, the cables came from Italy, the bearings came from Germany (FAG/Schaeffler Group), the spindle and hub were cast in the Czech Republic, the capsules were made by Poma in France (and the glass for these came from Italy), and the electrical components from the UK.
Opening
The London Eye was formally opened by the Prime Minister Tony Blair on 31 December 1999, but did not open to the paying public until 9 March 2000 because of a capsule clutch problem.
The London Eye was originally intended as a temporary attraction, with a five-year lease. In December 2001, operators submitted an application to Lambeth Council to give the London Eye permanent status, and the application was granted in July 2002.
On 5 June 2008 it was announced that 30 million people had ridden the London Eye since it opened.
Passenger capsules
The wheel's 32 sealed and air-conditioned ovoidal passenger capsules, designed and supplied by Poma, are attached to the external circumference of the wheel and rotated by electric motors. The capsules are numbered from 1 to 33, excluding number 13 for superstitious reasons. Each of the 10-tonne (11-short-ton) capsules represents one of the London Boroughs,[25] and holds up to 25 people, who are free to walk around inside the capsule, though seating is provided. The wheel rotates at 26 cm (10 in) per second (about 0.9 km/h or 0.6 mph) so that one revolution takes about 30 minutes, giving a theoretical capacity of 1,600 passengers per hour. It does not usually stop to take on passengers; the rotation rate is slow enough to allow passengers to walk on and off the moving capsules at ground level. It is stopped to allow disabled or elderly passengers time to embark and disembark safely.
In 2009 the first stage of a £12.5 million capsule upgrade began. Each capsule was taken down and floated down the river to Tilbury Docks in Essex.
On 2 June 2013 a passenger capsule was named the Coronation Capsule to mark the 60th anniversary of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.
In March 2020, the London Eye celebrated its 20th birthday by turning several of its pods into experiences themed around London. The experiences included a pub in a capsule, a west end theatre pod and a garden party with flower arrangements to represent the eight London Royal parks.
Ownership and branding
Marks Barfield (the lead architects), The Tussauds Group, and British Airways were the original owners of the London Eye. Tussauds bought out British Airways' stake in 2005 and then Marks Barfield's stake in 2006 to become sole owner.
In May 2007, the Blackstone Group purchased The Tussauds Group which was then the owner of the Eye; Tussauds was merged with Blackstone's Merlin Entertainments and disappeared as an entity. British Airways continued its brand association, but from the beginning of 2008 the name British Airways was dropped from the logo.
On 12 August 2009, the London Eye saw another rebrand, this time being called "The Merlin Entertainments London Eye". A refurbished ticket hall and 4D cinema experience were designed by architect Kay Elliott working with project designer Craig Sciba, and Simex-Iwerks as the 4D theatre hardware specialists. The film was written and directed by Julian Napier and produced by Phil Streather.
In January 2011, a lighting-up ceremony marked the start of a three-year deal between EDF Energy and Merlin Entertainments.
Coca-Cola began to sponsor the London Eye from January 2015. On the day the sponsorship was announced the London Eye was lit in red.
In February 2020, lastminute.com replaced Coca-Cola as the sponsor.[50] Grammy Award-winning singer Meghan Trainor performed at the launch party on a boat overlooking the London Eye.
In March 2020, the wheel was illuminated blue every Thursday at 8pm in support of the National Health Service as part of the ‘Clap for our Carers’ campaign created during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Financial difficulties
On 20 May 2005, there were reports of a leaked letter showing that the South Bank Centre (SBC)—owners of part of the land on which the struts of the Eye are located—had served a notice to quit on the attraction along with a demand for an increase in rent from £64,000 per year to £2.5 million, which the operators rejected as unaffordable.
On 25 May 2005, London mayor Ken Livingstone vowed that the landmark would remain in London. He also pledged that if the dispute was not resolved he would use his powers to ask the London Development Agency to issue a compulsory purchase order. The land in question is a small part of the Jubilee Gardens, which was given to the SBC for £1 when the Greater London Council was broken up.
The South Bank Centre and the British Airways London Eye agreed on a 25-year lease on 8 February 2006 after a judicial review over the rent dispute. The lease agreement meant that the South Bank Centre, a publicly funded charity, would receive at least £500,000 a year from the attraction, the status of which is secured for the foreseeable future. Tussauds also announced the acquisition of the entire one-third interests of British Airways and Marks Barfield in the Eye as well as the outstanding debt to BA. These agreements gave Tussauds 100% ownership and resolved the debt from the Eye's construction loan from British Airways, which stood at more than £150 million by mid-2005 and had been charging an interest rate of 25% per annum.
Critical reception
Sir Richard Rogers, winner of the 2007 Pritzker Architecture Prize, wrote of the London Eye in a book about the project:
The Eye has done for London what the Eiffel Tower did for Paris, which is to give it a symbol and to let people climb above the city and look back down on it. Not just specialists or rich people, but everybody. That's the beauty of it: it is public and accessible, and it is in a great position at the heart of London.
Big City Review wrote that:
If you're an amateur or professional photographer, the London Eye delivers the chance to get breathtaking photos of the city of London. The ride moves so slow which enables one to have ample opportunity to shoot photos and video from all angles. When your done shooting your photos, the ride's slow speed lets you just sit back and take in the incredible views of London. From the time your carriage reaches the highest point your breath will have been take away. That is why the London Eye is worth visiting.
Transport links
The nearest London Underground station is Waterloo, although Charing Cross, Embankment, and Westminster are also within easy walking distance.
Connection with National Rail services is made at London Waterloo station and London Waterloo East station.
London River Services operated by Thames Clippers and City Cruises stop at the London Eye Pier.
(Wikipedia)
Das London Eye (englisch „Auge von London“), auch bekannt unter der Bezeichnung Millennium Wheel, ist mit einer Höhe von 135 Metern seit 2022 das zweithöchste Riesenrad Europas. Es steht im Zentrum von London am Südufer der Themse im London Borough of Lambeth nahe der Westminster Bridge und gilt als eines der Wahrzeichen der britischen Hauptstadt.
Baubeginn des Riesenrades war 1998. Am 10. Oktober 1999 wurde die Konstruktion aufgerichtet. Die Eröffnung für Besucher verzögerte sich wegen technischer Probleme bis zum 9. März 2000. Das London Eye sollte ursprünglich nur etwa fünf Jahre betrieben werden; angesichts des großen Erfolges wurde dies verworfen. Bis zum 10. September 2022 war es das höchste Riesenrad Europas, bis in Moskau das 140 m hohe Riesenrad Sonne von Moskau eröffnet wurde.
Merkmale
Das London Eye besitzt 32 bodentief verglaste und klimatisierte Gondeln, in denen jeweils 25 bis 28 Personen Platz finden.[5] Die Gondeln sind horizontal verlängerte Rotationsellipsoide. Sie sind von je zwei fest im Riesenrad montierten Kreisringen umgeben und in ihnen um ihre horizontale Achse drehbar gelagert (s. unten stehendes erstes und zweites Bild). Wegen ihres tiefen Schwerpunktes drehen sie sich darin so, dass der Gondelboden immer waagerecht bleibt.
Die Gondeln befinden sich außerhalb des Rades, was eine fast uneingeschränkte Panorama-Aussicht ermöglicht. Ihre Umfangsgeschwindigkeit ist 0,26 m/s (knapp 1 km/h). Ein Umlauf dauert fast ½ Stunde.[6] Durch die geringe Geschwindigkeit wird der Fahrgastwechsel während der Fahrt möglich, so dass das Rad nur anhält, um u. a. Rollstuhlfahrern den Einstieg zu ermöglichen. Der Antrieb des Radkranzes erfolgt an beiden Seiten durch insgesamt 16 Reibräder (siehe ein Reibrad in unten stehendem dritten Bild): 8 pro Seite, zu je 2 Gruppen à 4 Stück zusammengefasst.
Bei guter Fernsicht kann man vom Riesenrad aus bis zu 40 km weit sehen, unter anderem bis zum etwas außerhalb Londons gelegenen Schloss Windsor.
Planung und Bau
Das Riesenrad wurde von den Architekten David Marks und Julia Barfield entworfen. Tragwerksplaner war John Roberts, der auch später mit Marks Barfield beim British Airways i360 Aussichtsturm in Brighton zusammenarbeitete. Marks und Barfield hatten versucht, nach dem Erfolg des London Eye die Idee an weitere Städte zu verkaufen; sie erwies sich aber als zu teuer, weshalb sie als kostengünstigere Alternative den Aussichtsturm i360 entwarfen. Für das London Eye war ursprünglich Arup als Ingenieursfirma eingebunden. Diese stieg jedoch aus, als das Unternehmen Mitsubishi, mit dem sie verbunden war, sich zurückzog. Das Design der Gondeln stammt von Nick Bailey; das niederländische Stahlbau-Unternehmen Hollandia baute sie. Die Drehachse und die einseitige, schräge Stütze aus Rohren und Spannelementen wurden von der tschechischen Maschinenbaufirma Škoda geliefert. FAG Kugelfischer entwickelte und baute in Schweinfurt das riesige Pendelrollenlager an der Nabe. Die Kapseln und das Stabilisations-System stammen von der französischen Firma Sigma. Der Antrieb wurde von Bosch Rexroth geliefert. Am 10. September 1999 versuchte das niederländische Spezialunternehmen Smit-Tak mit einem der größten Schwimmkräne der Welt, das liegend zusammengebaute Rad des London Eye aufzurichten, doch der Versuch schlug fehl. Erst einen Monat später konnte das Rad zunächst um 60 Grad aufgerichtet werden. Es dauerte eine weitere Woche, um es in seine endgültige Position zu heben.
Betreiber
Die Merlin Entertainments Group besitzt und betreibt das Riesenrad. Sponsor seit Februar 2020 ist die Online-Reisesuchmaschine lastminute.com.[10] Zuvor waren von 2011 bis Ende 2014 EDF Energy und von 2015 bis Ende Januar 2020 Coca-Cola die Sponsoren. Bei der Eröffnung 2000 gehörte es noch der Tussauds Group, British Airways und der Architektenfamilie Marks Barfield gemeinsam. Tussaud kaufte 2006 die Anteile der anderen Eigentümer und wurde 2007 dann selbst von Merlin übernommen.
Einordnung
Das London Eye ist das sechstgrößte Riesenrad der Welt. Bis zum 4. Januar 2006 war es das höchste Riesenrad der Welt, wurde aber dann durch das 160 Meter hohe Riesenrad „Stern von Nanchang“ in Nanchang, China, abgelöst, das wiederum mit der Eröffnung des Singapore Flyer am 1. März 2008 als damals größtes Riesenrad der Welt ersetzt wurde (siehe auch Dubai Wheel). In der Zeit zwischen 2014 und 2021 war der High Roller in Las Vegas das größte Riesenrad, welches im Oktober 2021 vom 260 Meter hohen Ain Dubai abgelöst wurde.
Bis zum 10. September 2022 war es außerdem das größte Riesenrad Europas, wurde aber durch das 140 Meter hohe Riesenrad „Sonne von Moskau“ in Moskau, Russland abgelöst.
Zur Kolonialausstellung Empire of India Exhibition stand von 1895 bis 1907 im Earls Court Exhibition Centre das Great Wheel, das mit 94 Meter bis zum Bau des Riesenrades in Paris im Jahr 1900 das höchste Riesenrad der Welt war.
(Wikipedia)
