German Gebirgsjäger pose with Gewehr 33/40 (t) rifles in front of their dugout in Karelia, Finland 1943

            The German-Finnish alliance was marked by significant military cooperation. Finnish troops fought alongside German forces in the Continuation War (1941-1944). The Finnish army, led by Marshal Mannerheim, played a significant role in the war, particularly in the battles of the Karelian Isthmus and the Leningrad Front.

At the beginning of the Second World War in 1939, the Soviet Union attacked Finland, thus starting the Winter War. The Treaty of Moscow, signed in 1940, handed a large portion of Finnish Karelia to the Soviet Union, and over 400,000 people had to be relocated within Finland. During the Continuation War of 1941-1944, Finland took back territory ceded in 1940, and also invaded and occupied much of East Karelia. Finland was forced out of these regions in 1944. After the war, Soviet expansion caused considerable bitterness in Finland, which lost its fourth biggest city, Viipuri, its industrial heartland along the river Vuoksi, the eastern portion of the Saimaa canal that connected central Finland to the Gulf of Finland, and access to the fishing waters of Lake Ladoga (Finnish: Laatokka). One eighth of its citizens became refugees with no chance of return. The whole population from the areas ceded to the Soviet Union was evacuated and resettled in other parts of Finland. The present inhabitants of the former Finnish parts of Russia, including the city of Vyborg/Viipuri and the Karelian Isthmus – are post-war immigrants or their descendants.

In August 1940, Finland and Germany signed a non-aggression pact, which allowed Germany to send troops through Finland to Norway and provided Finland with military aid and economic assistance. In September 1940, the two countries signed a formal treaty, which formalized their alliance and provided for mutual military cooperation.

Dugouts played a crucial role in the Finnish military’s defense strategy during World War II. They provided shelter and protection for soldiers, allowing them to withstand the harsh conditions and constant threat of attack. The construction and design of dugouts varied depending on the terrain and the needs of the soldiers, and they remained an essential part of Finnish military strategy throughout the war. Life in dugouts was often harsh and challenging. Soldiers had to deal with poor living conditions, including lack of space, inadequate lighting, and poor ventilation. Rats were a common problem, and soldiers often had to contend with the sounds of artillery fire and the constant threat of attack.

The puška vz. 33[2] ("rifle model 1933", sometimes referred to as krátká puška vz. 33 – "short rifle model 33") was a Czechoslovak bolt-action carbine that was based on a Mauser-type action, designed and produced in Československá zbrojovka in Brno during the 1930s in order to replace the obsolete Mannlicher vz. 1895 carbines of the Czechoslovak četnictvo (gendarmerie). Production of a modified version continued under the manufacturing codes "945" in 1940 and the letters "dot" in 1941 and 1942 during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia for the Wehrmacht (German armed forces) especially for use in the Gebirgsjäger (German mountain troops). Although this rifle is one of the shortest of the German-used Mausers, it was designated Gewehr, meaning rifle.

Good photographic material for historians.

Taken on: June 1, 2024

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