WINDMILLS | WIND TURBINES | HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINES | HAWT ||| EOLIENNES A AXE HORIZONTAL | CAP-CHAT | GASPESIE | QUEBEC

WINDMILLS | WIND TURBINES | HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINES | HAWT ||| EOLIENNES A AXE HORIZONTAL | CAP-CHAT | GASPESIE | QUEBEC | CANADA

From Wikipedia:

A windmill is a mill that converts the energy of wind into rotational energy by means of vanes called sails or blades. Centuries ago, windmills usually were used to mill grain (gristmills), pump water (windpumps), or both. The majority of modern windmills take the form of wind turbines used to generate electricity, or windpumps used to pump water, either for land drainage or to extract groundwater.

Horizontal windmills
The Persian horizontal windmill.
Hooper's Mill, Margate, Kent, an eighteenth-century European horizontal windmill.
Coat of arms of Jemgum, East Friesland, Germany.

The first practical windmills had sails that rotated in a horizontal plane, around a vertical axis. According to Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, these panemone windmills were invented in eastern Persia, or Khorasan, as recorded by the Persian geographer Estakhri in the ninth century. The authenticity of an earlier anecdote of a windmill involving the second caliph Umar (AD 634–644) is questioned on the grounds that it appears in a tenth-century document. Made of six to 12 sails covered in reed matting or cloth material, these windmills were used to grind grain or draw up water, and were quite different from the later European vertical windmills. Windmills were in widespread use across the Middle East and Central Asia, and later spread to China and India from there.[13]

A similar type of horizontal windmill with rectangular blades, used for irrigation, can also be found in thirteenth-century China (during the Jurchen Jin dynasty in the north), introduced by the travels of Yelü Chucai to Turkestan in 1219.

Horizontal windmills were built, in small numbers, in Europe during the 18th and nineteenth centuries, for example Fowler's Mill at Battersea in London, and Hooper's Mill at Margate in Kent. These early modern examples seem not to have been directly influenced by the horizontal windmills of the Middle and Far East, but to have been independent inventions by engineers influenced by the Industrial Revolution.

Visit: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill

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Taken in: Canada / Québec / Cap-Chat-Est (show map)

Taken on: September 1, 2018

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WINDMILLS

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Sets appears in: • LANDSCAPES | PAYSAGES • WINDMILLS | EOLIENNES

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