Aurès Mountains....Canyon Rhoufi or Ghoufi... the domes of the Aurès are coated with a dark red or brown lacquer, the "louq"

Decorated with reliefs or incisions, the domes of the Aurès are coated with a dark red or brown lacquer, the "louq", made of resins "fired, crushed, tinted and shaped in sticks that harden as they cool", passed over the still hot pottery at the end of cooking. This practice is both ornamental and becomes a waterproofing agent for cupolas.
The "tarbout", a plate or flat, and the cup with the keen profile are often decorated with drawings of symbolic value; the "tarbout" has an original profile, the rounded edge, without flattening, tilting slightly outwards at four opposite points, often with notches. These are found on the edge of cups or milking pots.
The "fân", used to bake the wafer, is not varnished but decorated with reliefs punctuated by lines and red circles, while other potteries, perhaps used as toys, are modelled on animal shapes (especially birds).
A long canyon, named after the wadi Abiod (Ighzir Amellal), crosses the whole region from Tifelfel to M' Chouneche. For three or four kilometres along the wadi, fruit tree gardens and palm trees nestled in the wadi, dominated by cliffs 200 m high or more depending on the location. The village of Ghoufi is located on the edge of the main road, on the northern cliff. Overlooking the oasis, the Ghoufi balconies, carved in cascades in the rock, have attracted the man who built mansions that are now uninhabited and dating from four centuries. At the turn of each balcony is a village with a taqliath (a multistorey building containing a number of rooms equal to the number of families, used for the storage of crops and provisions). The villages hanging on the cliffside were named Hitesla, Idharene, Ath Mimoune, Ath Yahia, Ath Mansour or Taouriret.The Ghoufi Canyon is a tourist site located in the Aurès in Algeria. The village of Rhoufi is a secondary agglomeration of Ghassira commune in the wilaya of Batna.
Traditional music is well represented by many Aurassian singers. The first singers to achieve international success were Aissa Jermouni and Ali Khencheli50. The Rahaba style of music is typical of the Aurès region. In addition, several styles of music exist, such as the Arab-Andalusian style, one of the Chaouis singers Salim Hallali. Several Aurès singers were inspired by this style, such as Youcef Boukhantech in the 1970s and 1980s.

Women have been able to take their place on the national stage. Algerian television was broadcasting songs from Thelja (Ya Saleh) and Beggar Hadda in the 1970s. Also, Houria Aïchi has made several albums in France, as well as Markunda Aures or singer Dihya, supported by Messaoud Nedjahi, one of the best Chaoui composers and lyricists. One of his best albums is called Dzaier assa.
Another kind of modern Chaoui music has established itself in the region. This atypical music is a mix of rock, blues, folk and raï inspirations in Chaoui language and Arabic. In the years 1970 to 1990, some singers and musicians such as Djamel Sabri with the group the Berbers, the group Amenaye (Aïssa Brahimi, Massinissa, etc.), the group Erres (Nouari Nezzar, Jamel Bensbaa, etc.), Amirouche Ighounem, Katchou, Nacerdine Hora, Ham. Others, younger ones, use the Chaoui language exclusively, such as the group Tafert, Youba, etc. Some musical instruments are specific to the region, such as the gasba, bendir, etc. and others such as the zorna are specific to all oriental music (cf. in Turkey). To the wrong, many people attribute to this genre a name "Staifi" because of the use of the Arabic language, while music itself is chaoui.
Several Berber leaders revolt in the Aurès. Tacfarinas (first half of the 1st century AD) B. C.), fought the Roman Empire under the reign of Emperor Tiberius.Faraxen, in the year 253 AD. 24, coming from Djurdjura, attacks the Roman Numidia25, with the help of five tribes, Quinquegentiani and Babares and tribes from the Aures, the south and the Hodna. It will be captured in Lambese, 10 km from Batna around 260 AD. B. C. The inscriptions which indicate its capture by the Romans are in Lambese.The name of Yabdas, king of the Aures, can also be mentioned, circa 53

The Vandals and Byzantines will influence the region. Several revolts have been recorded by historians, especially the Zenetians. According to Corripus in Johannide, the cavalry of the Zenetians whose Ifren or Ayth Ifren was invested in the Berber war against the Byzantines between 547 and 550 at the time of Jean Troglita.

Procope's account of the Vandal Wars tells us that in the year 539, when Byzantine General Solomon was sent to Africa for the second time by Emperor Justinian, he first pacified the provinces of Zeugitane, Numidia and Byzacene. He then undertook to subdue the Aures with part of the Byzantine army commanded by Gontaris, who came to camp not far from the Abigas river, near Baghaï, a city then abandoned following the incursions of the Aourasians, who had ruined it. After an unfortunate battle, the Byzantine general was forced to retreat, when Solomon arrived with the rest of the army, who sent him reinforcements and who camped 50 stadiums higher (i. e. in the plain below Mascula (Khenchela), then ruined and of which Procope did not speak)
Then the Muslims arrive to Islamize the region. Koceila and Kahena will be establishing themselves in the region and throughout eastern North Africa.

In the viie century, according to Ibn Khaldun, the Aurès were mainly inhabited by the Aurebas, tribe of Koceila, the Zenetians, Djerawa, tribe of Queen Kahina-Dihiya, and the Houaras28. The Aurébas tribes are also described as originating in present-day Libya29. In his book The Muslim conquest and settlement of North Africa and Spain (freely-readable book on the net), the author Abd al-W??id Dhann?n??h?, based on several bibliographical sources including those of Ibn Khaldoun, specifies on page 26 of his book the presence, before the Islamic conquest of the Maghreb, of Aurébas tribes in present-day Morocco.
The political and administrative unity of Eastern and Central Berbery was largely achieved by Kusayla who had converted to Islam. From then on, a conflict broke out between this Berber leader and the Umayyad army chief. Kairouan is taken by Koceila, who has reconverted to Christianity. Oqba Ibn Nafaa kills Koceila. Dihya, known as the Kahina, takes the lead of the resistance. Coming from the Djerawa tribe, a Zenet tribe established in the Aures, as were several Berber kings (agellid, plural igelliden) of Numidia, she was elected or appointed to this office by the council of the confederation of tribes. Dihya kills Oqba Ibn Nafaa according to Ibn Khaldun, avenging Koceila.
Dihya thus proceeded to the reunification of many tribes in North East and South Africa. Dihya defeated twice the great Umayyad army thanks to the contribution of the Ayth Ifren horsemen. She reigned over all of Ifriqiya for five years. Dihia will be defeated in a final battle against the Umayyads. She will be the only woman in history to fight the Umayyad Empire. After the defeat of the Kahina, the population of the Aurès, a region straddling present-day Algeria and Tunisia and part of present-day Libya (i. e. the province of Ifriqiya), adhered to the principles of Islam.Ibn Khaldun writes that Major Musa ben Nusayr increased his military contingent by demanding 12,000 Berbers from Ifriqiya (of which the Aures were an integral part) to re-represent the other populations located in the West of his province (Ifriqiya); it should be pointed out that in Arabic the West or the West or the Land of the setting sun say Maghreb as indicated in the translation It is also necessary to recall on the one hand that the Islamization of the Maghreb had already begun under its predecessor Oqba. There are thousands of kilometers between the Aurès of the Middle Ages or Kairouan (capital of the province of Ifriqiya de Musa ben Nusayr) and Tangier, which implies for this time months of travel (walking or horseback riding) and many other Berber tribes to convert or reconvert as mentioned by Ibn Khaldun31. Ibn Khaldun did not write at any time that the 12,000 men required had been used to conquer Andalusia, Spain or the Christian West. Ibn Khaldun writes that after the conquest of the Maghreb by the troops of Musa ben Nusayr, Tariq ibn Ziyad (written Tarec in the book), originally from the Aurès32, governor of Tangier, stationed there with 12,000 Berbers freshly converted accompanied by 27 Arabs charged with their Koranic formation, without any further details, in particular on the origin of the eth It was only after judging Islam to be well anchored in Morocco that Moussa Ibn Noçaïr returned to Ifriqiya from where, by missive, he sent Tariq ibn Ziyad stationed in Tangier to conquer Spain in 711.Then, several conflicts between the Berbers and the Arab dynasties (Omeyyad, Fatimid, Abbasid) are reported by historians in the Aurès region such as Al Bakri and Ibn Khaldun.
Abu Yezid of the Banou Ifren tribe will overthrow the Fatimids with the help of the Zenetian tribes of the Aures, but he will be defeated by the Zirides, first allied to the Fatimids.
The Hilalians win the battle against the Berbers. There will be an arrangement between the two parties. Hilalians who came with their families will live with the Berbers, sometimes with tensions between them. There followed a period of unification with the Almohad dynasty (Berber dynasty). Afterwards, the Hafsid dynasty (Berber dynasty) took over the whole region until the arrival of the Ottomans.

During the conquest of Algeria by the French, the bey de Constantine, Ahmed Bey, took refuge in the Aurès massif after Constantine's capture in 1837. The French army arrived near the Aurès (Batna and Biskra) in 1843-1844 and the bey surrendered in 1848. In 1849, a revolt took place not far from there, that of Sheikh Bouziane, in Zaatcha (west of Biskra) (July-November 1849).After the initial administrative experiments (two "caïdats", then three "tribes"), the Second Empire decided to set up thirteen communes, which the French officers delimited through talks with the Chaouïa population from 1865 to 1885. However, on this date, the Third Republic put an end to the military administration and installed a system that was less favourable to the natives: the Aurès was now under the jurisdiction of the sub-prefecture of Batna (Department of Constantine) and became a "mixed commune", under the aegis of an official of the prefectoral corps, the "principal administrator" (assisted by two assistants and a secretary) whose residence was in Arris. The thirteen planned communes become "douars" (head of which are the "caïds") divided into "ferqas" (fractions), of which one member is designated as "ouaqqaf" 36, who is only an intermediary without power. The mixed commune of Aurès includes the douars Tadjemout and Oulech (currently the commune of El Mizaraa) and the douar M' Chouneche in the south.A major revolt took place during the First World War in connection with conscription (1916).In the 1931 census, the mixed commune of Aurès has a population of about 57,000 inhabitants, divided into approximately 14,000 indigenous families and 30 non-indigenous families, mainly civil servants; in addition to the administrators, there are some teachers and gendarmes and a forest ranger; the non-civil servants are mostly "settlers" (poor enough) living in Foum Toub; there is no trade: they must go to Batna. In 1934, there were six constables. In 1938, a unit of goumiers is installed in the Aurès.
1956 Administrative Reform
This reform aims to strengthen Algeria's administrative framework: with regard to the region, Batna becomes the capital of a county (sometimes referred to as the "department of Aurès") and Arris as the capital of a county (sub-prefecture). Many of the former douars became communes.

However, at that time, the population was mainly supervised by the military structures (specialized administrative sections, regrouping villages) set up since the Algerian insurgency began in 1954.
An important role is played by the Auresian Mostefa Ben Boulaïd, from a family of Arris notables, in the formation in 1954 of the Front for National Liberation: one of the nine "historical leaders", he was responsible for the Aurès region until his death in 1956.

The Aurès played a leading role on 1 November 1954 (Red All Saints' Day), by which the FLN proclaimed its existence: attacks on the barracks of Biskra, Batna and Khenchela (4 soldiers killed); attack on the Biskra-Arris coach, followed by the death of a caïd, but also by a teacher from mainland France whose case provoked debate

Following that day, the Aurès suffered particularly harsh repression (three "sweeps" in November-December 1954, setting up of camps for the gathering of the civilian population), which did not stop the state of rebellion40.

Following the law of 3 April 1955 on the state of emergency, Governor General Jacques Soustelle first established it in two zones: Aurès and Grande Kabylie; in May, he gave civilian and military powers in Aurès to General Parlange. The army therefore has judicial police powers, including the right to "house arrest", which is used (abusively) to set up internment camps41.

Two important battles took place in 1955: those of Ifri el blah and Djebel Ahmar Khaddou. Thereafter, when the insurrection becomes general, the Aurès remains an important theatre of the struggle between the ALN and the French army.

Mostefa Ben Boulaïd died in 1956 before the Soummam congress (August 20th) which integrated the Aurès in the much more extensive wilaya I. He was succeeded by his brother, Omar42, and then by several leaders, such as Mohamed Tahar Abidi, Tahar Zbiri

fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s

Taken in: الجزائر / ولاية باتنة / Rhoufi (show map)

Taken on: November 30, 2017

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