Planning for Urban Agriculture: A Review of Tools and Strategies for Urban Planners...Agriculture in Urban Planning: Generating Livelihoods and Food Security...PARANGON ARCHITECTURE - Architectural design competition BONDUES...

This concept, by researchers working in urban agriculture, examines concrete strategies to integrate city farming into the urban landscape. Drawing on original field work in cities across the rapidly urbanizing global South, the book examines the contribution of urban agriculture and city farming to livelihoods and food security.

Case studies cover food production diversification for robust and secure food provision; the socio-economic and agronomic aspects of urban composting; urban agriculture as a viable livelihood strategy; strategies for integrating city farming into urban landscapes; and the complex social-ecological networks of urban agriculture. Other case studies look at public health aspects including the impact of pesticides, micro-biological risks, pollution and water contamination on food production and people.

Ultimately the book calls on city farmers, politicians, environmentalists, and regulatory bodies to work together to improve the long-term sustainability of urban farming as a major, secure source of food and employment for urban populations.

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Urban agriculture may potentially pose hazards and provide benefits to urban dwellers. Given the urban population growth world-wide, the phenomenon of urban agriculture as a food, income and employment generator is likely to increase.
Urban planners (especially in less-developed countries) need to find ways to capture the benefits and counter or prevent the potential problems of urban agriculture activities. Urban planners shape patterns of land use and the built environment in and around cities to manifest a desired future urban state, and to distribute public benefits to citizens. In recent years, traditional, often technical, approaches to planning and managing urban areas have been altered by such trends as increased public participation in community decision making. Urban planners in less-developed countries may experience additional challenges, lacking the resources, training or a supportive planning
policy context to assist them in their jobs. Increasingly, planners are seeking alternate ways to achieve urban planning goals. The changing role and powers of urban planners have implications
for how planners can facilitate or support urban agriculture. Identifying the tools and strategies available to urban planners to assist urban agriculture practice was the subject of this report.
Published and “grey literature” sources and a survey of 26 urban planning professionals from 18 cities around the world were used as a the basis for identifying key planning-related constraints
facing urban farmers and for identifying responses to these constraints. Land use issues, specifically availability of land, access to land and usability of land, are of particular concern to urban farmers. These issues are imposed or perpetuated by the urban planning policy context through a lack of formal recognition of urban agriculture in planning policy, through a lack of awareness about the socio-economic and environmental role of urban agriculture in cities, through a lack of clear government responsibility for the various aspects of urban agriculture, through resistant attitudes or cultural norms held by players in the land use planning process, and through a lack of resources, technical and financial support for urban farmers from the government. The survey responses indicated that urban development pressures are viewed as the greatest constraint facing urban farmers, while there was strong agreement that
land access, availability and tenure problems were key problems. Urban planning professionals identified lack of credit and financing opportunities, and lack of technical support and programs posed major hurdles to urban farmers, over other suggestions such as lack of servicing and infrastructure.
Among the most frequently mentioned recommendations in the literature were changes to land use planning policy to recognize and support urban agriculture. Many of the cities surveyed have
policy at some level that positively recognizes the practice of urban agriculture, although municipal level policy has not been adopted in all cities. Recognition in policy might take the form
of land use zoning where agriculture is a primary or tertiary land use. Policy also serves as a means to counter the potential negative health and environmental effects of agricultural activities; surveyed cities identified restrictions to livestock keeping in residential areas, and to where in the city farming can occur. Additional suggestions for urban planners to help overcome the identified challenges and to assist urban farmers included: participating in new, multi-disciplinary institutions responsible for all facets of urban agriculture in a community, establishing records of urban agriculture, and more generally of land use and land tenure in communities, as a means of readily identifying opportunities for farmers to access or use land, and overcoming sometimes ingrained attitudes
against farming in cities held by various parties in the planning process. In general, it was found that urban planners have greater opportunities to “permit” rather than “support” urban agriculture, given the limitations of their role in community decision making. However, planners can use other, less formal, means to influence change, to forge alliances between different groups, to facilitate opportunities for urban farmers to overcome land-related hurdles.

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Taken on: August 18, 2022

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