The Postcard
A postally unused Empire Series postcard that was printed in Germany. The card has a divided back.
Nelson's Column, Trafalgar Square
Nelson's Column is a monument in Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, Central London, built to commemorate Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson's decisive victory at the Battle of Trafalgar over the combined French and Spanish navies, during which he lost his life.
The monument was constructed between 1840 and 1843 to a design by William Railton at a cost of £47,000 (equivalent to £4,909,000 in 2021). It is a column of the Corinthian order built from Dartmoor granite.
The statue of Nelson was carved from Craigleith sandstone by sculptor Edward Hodges Baily. The four bronze lions around its base, designed by Sir Edwin Landseer, were added in 1867.
The pedestal is decorated with four bronze relief panels, each 18 feet (5.5 m) square, cast from captured French guns. They depict the Battle of Cape St. Vincent, the Battle of the Nile, the Battle of Copenhagen and the death of Nelson at Trafalgar.
The column was refurbished in 2006 at a cost of £420,000, at which time it was surveyed and found to be 14 feet 6 inches (4.42 m) shorter than previously supposed. The whole monument is 169 feet 3 inches (51.59 m) tall from the bottom of the pedestal to the top of Nelson's hat.
Construction and History of Nelson's Column
In February 1838, a group of 121 peers, Members of Parliament (MPs) and other gentry formed a committee to raise a monument to Lord Nelson, funded by public subscription, and the Government agreed to provide a site in Trafalgar Square, in front of the newly completed National Gallery.
A competition was held for designs with an estimated budget of between £20,000 and £30,000. The deadline for submissions was the 31st. January 1839.
The winning entry, chosen by the sub-committee headed by the Duke of Wellington, was a design by William Railton for a Corinthian column, surmounted by a statue of Nelson, and flanked by four sculpted lions. Flights of steps would lead up between the lions to the pedestal of the column.
Several other entrants also submitted schemes for columns. The second prize was won by Edward Hodges Baily, who suggested an obelisk surrounded by sculptures.
The original plan was for a column 203 feet (62 m) high, including the base and statue, but this was reduced to 170 feet (52 m) with a shaft of 98 feet (30 m) due to concerns over stability. The base was to have been of granite and the shaft of Craigleith sandstone, but before construction began it was decided that the shaft should also be of granite.
Excavations for the brick foundations had begun by July 1840. On the 30th. September 1840, the first stone of the column was laid by Charles Davison Scott, honorary secretary of the committee (and son of Nelson's secretary, John Scott), at a ceremony conducted, according to the Nautical Magazine:
"In a private manner, owing to the
noblemen and gentlemen comprising
the committee being absent from town."
Construction of the monument progressed slowly, and the stonework, ready for the installation of the statue, was not completed until November 1843.
In 1844, the Nelson Memorial Committee ran out of money, having only raised £20,485 in public subscriptions, and the Government, in the form of the Office of Woods and Forests, took over the project.
Installation of the bronze reliefs on the pedestal did not begin until late 1849, when John Edward Carew's depiction of the death of Nelson was put in place on the side facing Whitehall.
This was followed early the next year by William F. Woodington's relief of the Battle of the Nile on the opposite side. The last to be made, The Battle of Cape St. Vincent, became the subject of legal action, when it was discovered that the bronze had been adulterated with iron. The partners in the foundry were jailed for fraud, and the relief was completed by another firm. It was finally put in place in May 1854.
The 5.5-metre (18 ft 1 in) statue at the top was sculpted by Edward Hodges Baily R.A. from three pieces of Craigleith sandstone donated by the Duke of Buccleuch, former chairman of the Nelson Memorial Committee, from his own quarries.
The statue stands on a fluted column built from solid blocks of granite from the Foggintor quarries on Dartmoor.
The Corinthian capital is made of bronze elements, cast from cannon salvaged from the wreck of HMS Royal George at the Woolwich Arsenal foundry. The bronze pieces, some weighing as much as 900 pounds (410 kg) are fixed to the column by means of three large belts of metal lying in grooves in the stone.
The four identical bronze Barbary lions at the column's base were not added until 1867. At one stage, they were intended to be of granite, and the sculptor John Graham Lough was chosen to carve them. However, in 1846, after consultations with Railton, Lough turned down the commission, unwilling to work under the restrictions imposed by the architect.
The lion sculptures, which were commissioned in 1858, were designed by Sir Edwin Landseer in collaboration with Baron Marochetti. Landseer was paid £6,000 for his services, and Marochetti £11,000.
The column was renovated and cleaned by sandblasting in 1968. It was refurbished again in 2006, during which time it was scaffolded from top to bottom for access. Steam cleaning was used together with gentle abrasives to minimise any harmful impact on the bronze and stonework.
The £420,000 cost was covered by Zurich Financial Services, which advertised on the scaffolding for the duration of the work. Before restoration began, laser surveys were taken, during which it was found that the column was significantly shorter than the usually quoted 185 ft (56.4 m). In fact, it measures 169 ft (51.5 m) from the bottom of the first step to the tip of the admiral's hat.
In 2011, consultants for the Greater London Authority reported that tourists climbing onto the backs of the lions have caused considerable damage, and recommended banning people from climbing them.
The column also had a symbolic importance to Adolf Hitler. If Hitler's plan to invade Britain, Operation Sea Lion, had been successful, he planned to move it to Berlin.
Publicity Stunts and Protests
John Noakes of the BBC TV children's programme Blue Peter climbed the column in 1977.
Television presenter and entertainer Gary Wilmot climbed the column in 1989 in order to recreate the 'topping out' ceremony of 1843. Dressed in Victorian attire and sporting a boater hat, Wilmott enjoyed tea and sandwiches at the top of the column before climbing down.
The column has also been climbed on several occasions as a publicity stunt in order to draw attention to social or political causes._
-- Ed Drummond made the first such climb in 1978 for the Anti-Apartheid Movement, making use of the lightning conductor en route.
-- On the 30th. March 1988, Joe Simpson and John Stevenson climbed the column as part of a Greenpeace Campaign against Acid Rain.
-- On the 14th. June 1992, it was climbed by Martin Cotterrel, Joe Simpson and John Stevenson on behalf of Greenpeace to protest against the first Earth Summit meeting in Brazil.
-- On the 13th. April 1995, Simon Nadin free-climbed Nelson's Column with Noel Craine, Jerry Moffatt and Johnny Dawes following on top rope, and graded the climb as "E6 6b/5a". Their protest was to publicize the plight of Canadian Inuit.
-- On the 13th. May 1998, the column was climbed by Al Baker, Peter Morris and John Cunningham to protest against Old growth logging activity in British Columbia.
-- In May 2003, BASE jumper and stuntman Gary Connery parachuted from the top of the column, in a stunt designed to draw attention to Chinese policies in Tibet.
-- In December 2015, Disney paid £24,000 to cover the column in lights to make it resemble a giant lightsaber, to promote Star Wars: The Force Awakens.
-- On the 18th. April 2016, Greenpeace activists climbed the column and placed a breathing mask on Admiral Lord Nelson in protest of dangerous air pollution levels.
